Global warming  Nearly twenty years since international leaders accepted that earth’s temperature is on the rise, and that human industrial activity is to blame. New projections by leading researchers show climate change will affect every aspect of modern life. Agricultural production will plunge as erratic weather shifts sowing seasons and monsoon rains. The melting of Himalayan glaciers — which many say is already taking place at double the rate elsewhere, will lead to challenges in water supply. Rising sea levels, brought about by glacier melt, could submerge islands and coastal towns.    World climate summits   Some 15,000 people, including 103 government leaders and thousands of negotiators, pressure groups and journalists  from more than 190 nations headed at Copenhagen climate summit for 12 days of negotiations aimed at stopping global warming. The Accord that is meant to be a first step towards fighting the climate change that is affecting millions worldwide was still held up for hours by four countries.    Earlier the UN Climate Change Conference in Bali concluded on December 15, 2007 with an agreement between nearly 190 countries to take "active" measures against global warming. See The UN Climate Change Conference in Bali   The World Bank sought to push billions of dollars onto the global environmental agenda, yet, it remains a big financier of gas and oil undertakings, which benefit the rich countries while putting an additional environmental burden on the the poor countries.    Scientists have warned that due to global warming the North Pole might be free of ice in 2008, turning into a vast expanse of water. See North Pole might be free of ice in 2008

Scientists have warned that due to global warming the North Pole might be free of ice in 2008, turning into a vast expanse of water.

Global warming will send Asia's social and economic progress into reverse unless immediate action is taken to tackle climate change, according to  report released on November 2007. Wealthy countries should slash greenhouse gas emissions and help Asian countries reduce their reliance on fossil fuels by promoting and investing in sustainable and renewable energy across the region, according to the report. The paper, published by the Working Group on Climate Change and Development, a group of environmental and development organisations, says more than 60% of the world's population live in Asia, many in coastal areas and on small farms where they are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. R.K. Pachauri, the chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, said in the report: "It has become clear that Asia would see some major changes as a result of the impacts of climate change, and several of these are becoming evident already."

Melting Himalayan Glaciers by Global warming Most of the world's endangered species -- some 25 per cent of mammals and 12 per cent of birds -- may become extinct over the next few decades as warmer conditions alter the forests, wetlands, and rangelands they depend on, and human development blocks them from migrating elsewhere.

Sttudy from the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.   Previously a global warming report issued on April 6, 2007 by the United Nations also paints a near- apocalyptic vision of Earth's future: more than a billion people in need of water, extreme food shortages in Africa, a planetary landscape ravaged by floods and millions of species sentenced to extinction. Even in its softened form, the report outlined a range of devastating effects that will strike all regions of the world and all levels of society. Those without resources to adapt to the changes will suffer the greatest impact, according to the study from the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.    "It's the poorest of the poor in the world, and this includes poor people even in prosperous societies, who are going to be the worst hit," said Rajendra Pachauri, chairman of the IPCC, which released the report in Brussels, Belgium, on Friday. The report is the second issued this year by the United Nations, which marshaled more than 2,500 scientists to give their best predictions of the consequences of a few degrees increase in temperature. The report, in a sense, is a more focused indictment of the world's biggest polluters - the industrialized nations - and a more specific identification of the victims.   The report paints a bleak picture of the future, noting that the early signs of warming already are here: * Spring is arriving earlier, with plants blooming weeks ahead of  schedule. * In North America, snow pack in the West will decline, causing more floods in the winter and reduced flows in the summer, increasing competition for water for agriculture and municipal use. Water will come more often around the world in its least welcome forms: storms and floods. * In the mountains, the runoff begins earlier in the year, shrinking glaciers in the Alps, the Himalayas and the Andes. * Habitats for plants and animals, both on land and in the oceans, are shifting toward the poles. * Nineteen of the 20 hottest years on record have occurred since 1980, according to previous studies. The report said more frequent and more intense heat waves are "very likely" in the future. In some places, warming might seem like a good thing, at first.  But at a certain point, as drought conditions spread, crops everywhere will suffer. * By mid-century, temperature rise and drying soil will replace tropical forests with savannas in Brazil's eastern Amazonia, the report predicts. * Rising temperature will reconfigure coastlines around the world, as the oceans rise and seawater surges over land. The tiny islands of the South Pacific and the Asian deltas will be overwhelmed by storm surges as sea levels rise. * In the Andes and the Himalayas, melting glaciers will unleash floods and rock avalanches. But within a few decades, as the glaciers and snow pack decline, streams will dwindle, cutting off the main water supply to more than one-sixth of the world's population. * Africa will suffer the most extreme effects, with a quarter of a billion people losing most of their water supplies, the report said. Food production will fall by half in many countries and governments will have to spend 10 percent of their budgets or more to adapt to climate changes, the report said. * At least 30 percent of the world's species will disappear if temperatures rise 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit above the average levels of the 1980s and 1990s, the report said.  * Environmental damage - such as overgrazed rangeland, deforested mountainsides, and denuded agricultural soils - means that nature will be more vulnerable than previously to changes in climate. In any case, when climate shifts occurred thousands and tens of thousands of years ago, they generally took place more gradually.   * Similarly, the world's vast human population, much of it poor, is vulnerable to climate stress. Millions live in dangerous places - on floodplains or in shantytowns on exposed hillsides around the enormous cities of the developing world. Often there is nowhere else for them to go.  * Global warming almost certainly will be unfair. The industrialized countries of North America and Western Europe, along with a few other states, such as Japan,  are responsible for the vast bulk of past and current greenhouse-gas emissions. These emissions are a debt unwittingly incurred for the high standards of living enjoyed by a minority of the world's population. Yet those to suffer most from climate change will be in the developing world. They have fewer resources for coping with storms, with floods, with droughts, with disease outbreaks, and with disruptions to food and water supplies. They are eager for economic development themselves, but may find that this already difficult process has become more difficult because of climate change. The poorer nations of the world have done almost nothing to cause global warming yet are most exposed to its effects.

Black Soot Choking Tibetan Glaciers: NASA and Chinese scientists   On the Tibetan Plateau, temperatures are rising and glaciers are melting faster than climate scientists would expect based on global warming alone. A recent study of ice cores from five Tibetan glaciers by NASA and Chinese scientists in December 2009 confirmed the likely culprit: rapid increases in black soot concentrations since the 1990s, mostly from air pollution sources over Asia, especially the Indian subcontinent. Soot-darkened snow and glaciers absorb sunlight, which hastens melting, adding to the impact of global warming.   NASA climate scientists combine satellite and ground-based observations of soot and other particles in the air with weather and air chemistry models to study how the atmosphere moves pollution from one place to another. This image is from a computer simulation of the spread of black soot (“black carbon” to climate scientists) over the Tibetan Plateau from August through November 2009. It shows black carbon aerosol optical thickness on September 26, 2009. (Aerosol optical thickness is scale that describes how much pollution was in the air based on how much of the incoming sunlight the particles absorbed.) Places where the air was thick with soot are white, while lower concentrations are transparent purple.   The highest concentrations of black soot are in the right-hand side of the image, over the densely populated coastal plain of China. But high concentrations occur over India, as well, and the black soot spreads across the southern arc of the Tibetan Plateau, which is defined by the towering peaks of the Himalaya Mountains.    Study by United Nations Environment Programme   A team sponsored by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has found signs that the landscape of Mount Everest has changed significantly since Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay first conquered the peak in 1953. A primary cause is the warming global climate. But the growing impact of tourism is also taxing the world's highest mountain.  The team found that the glacier that once came close to Hillary and Norgay's first camp has retreated three miles (five kilometers). A series of ponds that used to be near Island Peak, so-called because it was then an island in a sea of ice ;had merged into a long lake.  It's hardly news that the world's glaciers are melting a phenomenon widely attributed to gradually rising global temperatures. It was conducted by scientists from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya, along with remote-sensing experts from the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in Katmandu, Nepal. They predict that in the next half a decade or so, the Himalayas could experience intense flooding as mountain lakes overflow with water from melting glaciers and snowfields. The lives of tens of thousands of people who live high in the mountains and in downstream communities could be at severe risk as the mud walls of the lakes collapse under the pressure of the extra water. Major loss of land and other property would aggravate poverty and hardship in the region.   Studies done by the Geological Survey of India have revealed that, on average, glaciers in India have been receding at the rate of about 15 meters (about 50 feet) every year. More revealing and detailed findings are expected to be published by the UNEP group this year, which the United Nations has designated the "International Year of the Mountains."

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